PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Conversion to Analog Voltage

A PWM can be converted to an analog voltage using capacitors. Since a PWM signal is a set of pulses, the capacitor will charge up with the pulses but release the charge slowly. The output voltage will match the voltage proportional to the pulses and the idle voltage. If a specific waveform is desired, like an analog sine wave, PWM can be used to product an approximated sine wave using changes in the duty cycle of the PWM to match the amplitude of the voltages at the periods of the PWM. Capacitors can be used to smooth this approximation to try to match the sine wave.